Adjust for frame size
Small frame trims the top of the range by ~7%. Large frame adds ~7%. Wrist-wrap test: thumb overlaps index = small; touches = medium; doesn't touch = large.
Age 65+ shifts the range 2–3% higher; a little extra reserve is protective in later life.
Waist matters more than the scale
Keep your waist under 30 inches (half of 60). WHtR predicts cardiovascular risk better than BMI alone for shorter adults.



