The three effects
7 kcal per gram, and "empty" — no protein, no fiber, no satiety.
The liver prioritizes alcohol metabolism, pausing fat oxidation until it's cleared.
It disrupts REM sleep, which blunts next-day appetite regulation and training recovery.
Damage-limitation rules
Cap at 1–2 drinks, choose lower-calorie options (dry wine, spirits + soda), and eat a protein-forward meal alongside.



