BMI ignores fat distribution. Central (apple-shape) fat is far more strongly linked to cardiovascular and metabolic disease than peripheral (pear-shape) fat.
Visceral fat around the organs drives insulin resistance and inflammation.
Subcutaneous fat on hips and thighs is metabolically much less active.
Waist-to-height ratio under 0.5. Waist-to-hip ratio under 0.85 (women) / 0.90 (men).
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The clearest waist guideline for women, based on the NHS and Ashwell Waist-to-Height ratio — no charts, just one rule.
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